Roman era
MÖ 133 - MS 395 · Roads, cities, water
How to read this period
Covering MÖ 133 - MS 395, the Roman era dossier is a reading point within the long transformation of settlement, movement, production and belief networks across the Aegean. Roads, cities, water. Period boundaries are used to compare layers that changed at different speeds in different places, rather than to imply a clean historical break.
Records from the coast, valleys and inland areas are not reduced to one line of development. Region, place and narrative links are used to compare shared patterns with local differences.
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Places from this period
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- Reconstruction of Smyrna by Emperor Marcus Aurelius Following the Plea of Aelius Aristides (178 AD)
- From Afyonkarahisar Synnada Leo Telegraph to Halicarnassus Leochares Mausoleum and Knidos Chrysermus Pharmacology: Beacon Telegraphy, Mausoleum Sculpture, and Alexandrian Pharmacology
- Aizanoi Macellum World's First Inflation Price Edict Inscription (301 CE)
- From Akmonia Mosaics to Hamamboğazı Springs and Lydian Hoard: Royal Road Athletes, 68°C Waters, and Gold Seahorse Brooch
- From Alabanda to Amyzon Sanctuary and Piginda Fortress: Zeus Chrysaoreus Temple, Satrap Mausolus Decree, and 3,000-Seat Mountain Theater
- Education of Cicero by Menecles of Alabanda and Transformation of Roman Senate Oratory (79 BC)
- The Port of Alexandria Troas and Saint Paul's Passage to Macedonia
- Establishment of Apameia Kibotos Caravan Market and the Marsyas Myth (3rd c. BCE)
- The long work of stone at Aphrodisias: from quarry to apprentice, Aphrodite to Geyre
- From Aslantaş Giant Lions to Emre Lake Water Altars and Gazlıgöl Phrygian Springs: 4-Meter Lions, Kybele Altars, and Midas Baths
- From Aydın Alabanda Hermogenes' Architecture to Nysa Dionysius Thrax Grammar and Ephesus Apollonius Dyskolos Syntax: Classical Architecture, World Grammar, and Syntax Theory
- From Aydın Alabanda Menecles Oratory to Mastaura Diophanes Reform and Teos Androsthenes Astronomy: Roman Oratory, Agrarian Reform, and Geared Astronomy
- From Aydın Alabanda Papinianus Law to Tralles Metrodorus Geometry and Halicarnassus Timotheus Mausoleum: Roman Jurisprudence, Hagia Sophia Geometry, and Mausoleum Sculptures
- Saint Paul's Epistle to the Colossians and Early Christian Community at Colossae (60 CE)
- Saint Paul's Encounter with Lydia of Thyateira the Purple Cloth Merchant (50 CE)
- From Balıkesir Cyzicus Eudoxus Navigation to İzmir Smyrna Quintus Epic and Colophon Hermesianax Elegiacs: Indian Ocean Navigation, Trojan War Epic, and Elegiac Love Poetry
- Artemis Kindyas Sanctuary Festivals and Pegasus Legend at Bargylia (100 CE)
- From Bargylia Artemis Temple to Tuzla Flamingos and Akyaka River: Pegasus Myth, Pink Bird Flocks, and Crystal Azmak Waters
- Pergamon and Aizanoi: a Hellenistic Inner Aegean threshold
- Appointment of Physician Galen of Pergamon as Personal Doctor to Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (169 AD)
- The road of a question: from Miletus to Didyma, from harbour to delta
- Emergence of Buldan Weaving and Construction of Tripolis Colonnaded Street (200 CE)
- Progradation of the Büyük Menderes Delta and Silting of the Latmic Gulf (6th c. BCE — 6th c. CE)
- From Clandras Aqueduct to Sebaste and Simav Eynal: Inland Aegean Water Engineering and Roman Thermal Springs
- Geographer Strabo's Education at Nysa ad Maeandrum and the Roman Library (50 BCE)
- From Colossae Purple Wool to Mount Honaz Peak and Kaklık Underground Pamukkale: Epistle to Colossians, 2,571m Peak, and Travertine Caves
- From Çamlık Steam Locomotives to Şirince Stone Houses and Virgin Mary House: 1856 Industrial Heritage, Greek Stone Houses, and Bülbüldağı Shrine
- From Dokimeion Marble to Boyalı Complex and Kızılören Grand Mosque: Roman Pavonazzetto Quarries, 13th-Century Seljuk Lodge, and Timber Mosque Architecture
- Export of Dokimeion Pavonazzetto Purple-Veined Marble to Rome's Pantheon (100 AD)
- From Hayme Ana Lands at Domaniç to Penkalas Bridges and Göbel Thermal: Ottoman Foundation, Roman Marble, and Thermal Healing
- Erection of the Seikilos Musical Inscription Stele at Tralleis (100 CE)
- From the Edremit Gulf to the Dikili Islands: Adramytteion, the Gömeç Olive Plain, and Kalem Island
- Authoring of Anatomicis Treatises (First Description of Neuroanatomy and Nerves) by Physician Rufus of Ephesus (90 AD)
- Authoring of the Foundational Gynecological Encyclopedia Gynaecologia by Soranus of Ephesus (100 AD)
- From the Kilims of Eşme to Gediz and Sandıklı Hüdai: Natural Dyes, River Springs, and Roman Mud Baths
- Three Thresholds of Gediz: Sardis, Kula and Alaşehir
- From Gördes Double-Knots to Sardis Aqueducts and Binkaya Phrygian Rocks: Turkish Knot, Roman Aqueducts, and Phrygian Tombs
- From Lake Gygaia to Alaşehir Theater and Saruhanlı Olive Groves: Lydian Royal Grounds, 10,000-Seat Roman Stage, and 500-Year-Old Stone Presses
- From Herakleia Salbake Medical School to Medet Mound and Işıklı Lake Eumeneia: Surgical Reliefs, Bektashi Monastery, and Water Lily Sanctuary
- Hermias, the dolphin, and the two memories of Güllük Gulf
- Hierapolis Plutonium (Gate to Hell) Sanctuary and Thermal Healing Cult
- From Iasos Fish Market Museum to Keramos Kurşunlu Yapı and Mobolla Chimneyed Mansions: Maritime Walls, Massive Ashlar Masonry, and Muğla Chimneys
- Construction of Iasos Maritime Walls and Roman Fish Market Monument (350 BCE)
- Lakes, Mounds, and Trade Routes of the Inland Aegean: From Beycesultan to Apameia and the Walls of Amorium
- Rock Cities of the Inland Aegean and the Roman Stock Exchange: From Aizanoi to Ayazini and the Blaundos Cliffs
- From Mount Ida to Güre Thermal and Papazlık Mansions: Ida Mythology, Roman Baths, and Stone Houses
- Where Two Seas Meet: The Lighthouse of Knidos, Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, and Rock Tombs of Kaunos
- Olives, Wine, and Prophecies of Ionia: The İzmir Peninsula from Klazomenai to Teos and Klaros
- From İzmir Aelius Aristides' Smyrna Oratory to Magnesia Pytheos Architecture and Teos Theodosius Geometry: Imperial Oratory, Halicarnassus Mausoleum, and Spherical Geometry
- From İzmir Bergama Ctesibius' Water Organ to Knidos Androsthenes Ocean Voyages and Pergamon Apollonius Conics: Pneumatics, Ocean Navigation, and Planetary Conics
- From İzmir Ephesus Rufus Neuroanatomy to Magnesia Hegesias Oratory and Bergama Telephus Grammar: Ancient Neuroanatomy, Asianism Rhetoric, and Imperial Tutoship
- From İzmir Ephesus Soranus Medicine to Aydın Tralles Apollonius Sculpture and Germencik Menesthes Architecture: Gynecological Medicine, Farnese Bull Sculpture, and Ionic Architecture
- From İzmir Ephesus Xenophon's Romantic Novel to Priene Isidore Hagia Sophia and Halicarnassus Bryaxis Serapis: Romantic Literature, Dome Architecture, and Monumental Sculpture
- From İzmir Epicurus' Teos Garden to Nysa Aristodemus Library and Miletus Hecataeus Map: Epicureanism, Roman Rhetoric, and World's First Map
- From İzmir Erythrai Sibyl Oracles to Teos Hermogenes Architecture and Tralles Apollonius Sculpture: Roman Capitol Oracles, Pseudodipteral Layout, and Farnese Bull
- From İzmir Colophon Mimnermus Poetry to Teos Nausiphanes Philosophy and Knidos Chrysippus Medicine: Lyrical Poetry, Atomist Philosophy, and Experimental Dietetics
- From İzmir Smyrna Hermippus Biography to Teos Boëthos Sculptures and Knidos Ctesias Persica: Classical Biography, Bronze Sculptures, and Persian History
- Sacred Ways and Key-Bearers of Caria: Mountain Rituals from Lagina to Labraunda
- Kleidophoros Key-Bearing Ceremony and Hekatesia Festivals
- Design of the 365.25-Day Julian Roman Calendar Reform for Julius Caesar by Astronomer Sosigenes of Knidos (46 BC)
- From the Latmos Mountains to the Walls of Alinda: Herakleia Rock Art, the Temple of Zeus at Euromos, and Queen Ada
- Lydian Gold and the Royal Road: Sardis Coinage, Bin Tepe Pyramids, and Kula Volcanoes
- From Lycus to the Büyük Menderes: Laodicea, Hierapolis and Tripolis
- Three cities in the Menderes valley: Nysa, Mastaura, Tralleis
- Meanders of the Maeander: Landlocked Cities from the Latmic Gulf to Lake Bafa
- Valley of Marble and Healing: Sculptors of Aphrodisias, Waters of Pamukkale, and Textiles of Laodicea
- From Metropolis Council to Belevi Mausoleum and Torbalı Aqueducts: Mother Goddess City, Royal Tombs, and Roman Aqueducts
- Birth of Montanism and Declaration of Holy City Pepouza (170 CE)
- From Muğla Bodrum Scylax Explorations to Balıkesir Xenocles Oratory and Aydın Nysa Strabo Geography: Maritime Exploration, Roman Oratory, and World Geography
- From Muğla Knidos Agatharchides Geography to Tralles Alexander Medicine and Halicarnassus Hegesander Laocoön: Red Sea Geography, Imperial Medicine, and Vatican Sculptures
- From Muğla Knidos Erasistratus' Physiology to Ephesus Artemidorus Dream Science and Tire Xenocrates Pharmacology: Experimental Neuroanatomy, Dream Psychology, and Imperial Pharmacology
- From Muğla Knidos Sosigenes Calendar to Yatağan Metrodorus Philosophy and Aydın Nysa Menestheus Grammar: Julian Calendar Astronomy, Academic Philosophy, and Classical Philology
- From Mylasa to Labraunda: the threshold of city and mountain
- From the Canyon Library of Nysa to Mastaura Amphitheater and Arpaz Castle
- From Parion Odeon to Priapos Wine Harbor and Kemer Aqueducts: Colony City, Vineyard Port, and Roman Aqueducts
- From Pepouza Montanism to Ulubey Canyon and Taşyaran Valley: Holy City of Female Prophets, World's 2nd Longest Canyon Glass Terrace, and Gneiss Basins
- Pergamon, Halicarnassus, Miletus: paths of knowledge
- From Philadelpheia to Katakekaumene Vineyards and Kurşunlu Han: Seven Churches, Volcanic Wine, and Caravan Routes
- From Pinara Hive Tombs to Sidyma Heroon and Babadağ Peaks: Vertical Acropolises, Roman Heroons, and Sacred Peaks
- Design of the Great Dome and Pendentives of Hagia Sophia by Master Architect Isidore of Miletus/Priene (532 AD)
- Export of Proconnesian Marble and Sarcophagi to Roman and Byzantine Capitals (500 BCE)
- Construction of the Roman Parion Odeon and 15-km Aqueduct (150 CE)
- Foundation of Sebaste (Sivaslı) by Emperor Augustus (20 BCE)
- From Selçikler Tumuli to Avgan Mills and Karayakuplu Canyon: 6th-Century BC Lydian Chamber Tombs, Banaz Water Wheels, and 100m Vertical Cliffs
- From Simav Gölcük Crater to Gediz Abide Village and Hisarcık Aqueducts: 1,450m Volcanic Lake, 1920 Gediz Battle, and Roman Channels
- From Smintheion Apollo to Hadımoğlu Mansion and Skepsis Manuscripts: Iliad Friezes, 1795 Carved Ceiling, and Aristotle's Vault
- Composition of the 14-Book Trojan War Epic Posthomerica by Quintus of Smyrna (350 AD)
- From Mount Sipylus to the Karabel Luwian Pass: Akpınar Kybele, Niobe, and King Tarkasnawa
- From Synnada to İshaklı Caravanserai and Afyon Castle: Phrygian Coins, Seljuk Sultan Hans, and Volcanic Citadels
- Invention of the 9-Tower Optical Beacon Telegraph System across Anatolia by Leo the Mathematician of Synnada (840 AD)
- From Şaphane Alunite Mines to Emet Thermal Springs and Dumlupınar Victory: Alum Mines, Boron Waters, and August 30 Battle
- From Amyntas Tomb at Telmessos to Tlos Acropolis and Letoon Sanctuary: Rock Tombs, Pegasus, and Trilingual Inscription
- From Tenedos to Bozcaada: visible shore, hidden fleet, present crossing
- From Thyateira Purple Cloth to Demirci Carpets and Darkale Stone Houses: Seven Churches, Wool Rugs, and Tarhala Cliff Houses
- From Tralleis Üç Gözler to Seikilos Epitaph and Nysa Canyon Aqueducts: Vaulted Gymnasion, World's Oldest Song, and Water Tunnels
- Training of Byzantine Master Builders of Hagia Sophia by Geometrician Metrodorus of Tralles (510 AD)
- Authoring of the 12-Volume Medical Encyclopedia Therapeutica by Alexander of Tralles (560 AD)
- From Tripolis Colonnaded Street to Buldan Weaving Houses and Peat Lake: Marble Avenues, Hand Looms, and Water Lily Plateaus
- Harbors of Troas and Forests of Mount Ida: North Aegean Networks from the Dardanelles to Kapıdağ
- From Yağcıbedir Carpets to Hisarköy Roman Springs and Dursunbey Cave Waters: Wool Knots, 98°C Baths, and Cave Springs
- From Yunus Emre Shrine to Kurşunlu Thermal Springs and Kuladokya Fairy Chimneys: Honest Timber Heritage, 54°C Springs, and UNESCO Towers