İzmir & the Peninsula: Settlement and stone
At [Erythrai](/en/yer/erythrai), near Ildırı, finds point to settlement in the area from the Early Bronze Age. Across its recorded history, the city for a period made and exported millstones. Its acropolis holds two separate landmarks: a theatre on the northern slope and the remains of an Athena temple on the highest ground.
63 narratives and 67 place records connect to this discovery world through thematic and geographic relationships.
Four gateways into this world
- Cities and layers — Traces of settlement, belief and public life layered in the same place.
- Events and transformations — The marks left on geography by war, migration, trade, disaster and political change.
- People and ideas — Networks of knowledge, art and thought extending from Aegean cities into the Mediterranean.
- Roads and basins — Lines of movement linking harbour to inland, mountain to plain and sanctuary to city.
Other discovery worlds
Go deeper by province
Story and event network
- 1865 Establishment of Ottoman Urla Quarantine Station and Maritime Lazaretto System
- Reconstruction of Smyrna by Emperor Marcus Aurelius Following the Plea of Aelius Aristides (178 AD)
- Education of Cicero by Menecles of Alabanda and Transformation of Roman Senate Oratory (79 BC)
- Naval Battle of Arginusae at Kalem and Garip Islands (406 BCE)
- From Aydın Alabanda Menecles Oratory to Mastaura Diophanes Reform and Teos Androsthenes Astronomy: Roman Oratory, Agrarian Reform, and Geared Astronomy
- From Balıkesir Cyzicus Eudoxus Navigation to İzmir Smyrna Quintus Epic and Colophon Hermesianax Elegiacs: Indian Ocean Navigation, Trojan War Epic, and Elegiac Love Poetry
- Pergamon and Aizanoi: a Hellenistic Inner Aegean threshold
- Appointment of Physician Galen of Pergamon as Personal Doctor to Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (169 AD)
- Construction of the Çakırağa Mansion and Decorative Frescoes at Birgi (1761)
- From Çakırağa Mansion at Birgi to Yalınayak Bathhouse at Tire and Lake Gölcük
- From Bodrum Queen Artemisia's Fleet to Knidos Eudoxus Observatory and Colophon Xenophanes Philosophy: First Female Admiral, Mathematical Astronomy, and Rational Theology
- Progradation of the Büyük Menderes Delta and Silting of the Latmic Gulf (6th c. BCE — 6th c. CE)
- Çamlık, Şirince and Bülbül Dağı: The İzmir–Aydın Railway's 1856 Concession and 1866 Completion
- From the Edremit Gulf to the Dikili Islands: Adramytteion, the Gömeç Olive Plain, and Kalem Island
- Authoring of Anatomicis Treatises (First Description of Neuroanatomy and Nerves) by Physician Rufus of Ephesus (90 AD)
- Authoring of the Foundational Gynecological Encyclopedia Gynaecologia by Soranus of Ephesus (100 AD)
- From Erythrai Athena Temple to Bademler Village Theater and Özbek Stone Pier: Sea Theaters, Village Stages, and Stone Piers
- Three Thresholds of Gediz: Sardis, Kula and Alaşehir
- Command of the Naval Fleet by Queen Artemisia I of Halicarnassus at the Battle of Salamis (480 BC)
- Mechanics and Maritime Knowledge in the Hellenistic World
- Construction of the Metropolis Bouleuterion and Belevi Mausoleum (246 BCE)
- İmam-ı Birgivi Mehmed Efendi Teaching at Birgi Madrasa (1563)
- Invention of the Water Organ (Hydraulis) and Force Pump by Ctesibius of Alexandria (Hellenistic period)
- Olives, Wine, and Prophecies of Ionia: The İzmir Peninsula from Klazomenai to Teos and Klaros
- From İzmir Aelius Aristides' Smyrna Oratory to Magnesia Pytheos Architecture and Teos Theodosius Geometry: Imperial Oratory, Halicarnassus Mausoleum, and Spherical Geometry
- From İzmir Ephesus Rufus Neuroanatomy to Magnesia Hegesias Oratory and Bergama Telephus Grammar: Ancient Neuroanatomy, Asianism Rhetoric, and Imperial Tutoship
- From İzmir Ephesus Soranus Medicine to Aydın Tralles Apollonius Sculpture and Germencik Menesthes Architecture: Gynecological Medicine, Farnese Bull Sculpture, and Ionic Architecture
- From İzmir Ephesus Xenophon's Romantic Novel to Priene Isidore Hagia Sophia and Halicarnassus Bryaxis Serapis: Romantic Literature, Dome Architecture, and Monumental Sculpture
- From İzmir Epicurus' Teos Garden to Nysa Aristodemus Library and Miletus Hecataeus Map: Epicureanism, Roman Rhetoric, and World's First Map
- From İzmir Erythrai Sibyl Oracles to Teos Hermogenes Architecture and Tralles Apollonius Sculpture: Roman Capitol Oracles, Pseudodipteral Layout, and Farnese Bull
- From İzmir Homer's Meles Valley to Priene Bias Justice and Urla Anaxagoras Philosophy: Iliad and Odyssey Epics, Seven Sages Law, and Birth of Astrophysics
- From İzmir Colophon Mimnermus Poetry to Teos Nausiphanes Philosophy and Knidos Chrysippus Medicine: Lyrical Poetry, Atomist Philosophy, and Experimental Dietetics
- From İzmir Smyrna Hermippus Biography to Teos Boëthos Sculptures and Knidos Ctesias Persica: Classical Biography, Bronze Sculptures, and Persian History
- From the İzmir–Aydın Railway Concession to Completion (1856–1866)
- Construction of the Karabel Luwian Pass King Tarkasnawa Border Monument (1250 BCE)
- Klazomenai Archaic Olive Oil Press and Industrial Production Revolution (6th c. BCE)
- Authoring of the 23-Volume Persica History by Royal Physician Ctesias of Knidos at the Persian Court (398 BC)
- Discovery of Experimental Physiology and Central Nervous System by Erasistratus of Cnidus (280 BC)
- Invention of Lydian Coinage and Gold Refining on the Pactolus (7th — 6th c. BCE)
- Lydian Gold and the Royal Road: Sardis Coinage, Bin Tepe Pyramids, and Kula Volcanoes
- Three cities in the Menderes valley: Nysa, Mastaura, Tralleis
- Meanders of the Maeander: Landlocked Cities from the Latmic Gulf to Lake Bafa
- From Menemen Taşhan Caravanserai to Kozak Yukarıbey Mosque and Göbeller Weaving Homes: 17th-Century Ottoman Inn, Floral Wood Paintings, and Granite Mansions
- Construction of Menemen Taşhan Caravanserai and Sadrazam Mahmut Paşa Foundation (1675 AD)
- From Metropolis Council to Belevi Mausoleum and Torbalı Aqueducts: Mother Goddess City, Royal Tombs, and Roman Aqueducts
- Creation of the World's First Known Geographic Map by Hecataeus of Miletus (510 BC)
- From Muğla Knidos Erasistratus' Physiology to Ephesus Artemidorus Dream Science and Tire Xenocrates Pharmacology: Experimental Neuroanatomy, Dream Psychology, and Imperial Pharmacology
- The Battle of Mycale: The Fleet Beached
- Freedom Battle of the Aegean on Mount Mycale: The Fall of the Persian Fleet and the Revival of Panionion
- Composition of the Iliad and Odyssey by Epic Poet Homer along Meles Stream Valley (750 BC)
- Pergamon, Halicarnassus, Miletus: paths of knowledge
- From the Pentekonters of Phokaia to Çandarlı Castle: Eski Foça, Kyme, and Aeolian Sea Routes
- Phokaians' Mediterranean Colonization via 50-Oared Pentekonters (600 BCE)
- Design of the Great Dome and Pendentives of Hagia Sophia by Master Architect Isidore of Miletus/Priene (532 AD)
- Seikilos Stele Inscription (1st–2nd centuries CE)
- Composition of the 14-Book Trojan War Epic Posthomerica by Quintus of Smyrna (350 AD)
- From Mount Sipylus to the Karabel Luwian Pass: Akpınar Kybele, Niobe, and King Tarkasnawa
- Education of Epicurus by Nausiphanes of Teos and Establishment of Tean Atomist Philosophy (320 BC)
- Design of the Pseudodipteral Temple of Dionysus at Teos by Master Architect Hermogenes (220 BC)
- From Tralleis Üç Gözler to Seikilos Epitaph and Nysa Canyon Aqueducts: Vaulted Gymnasion, Oldest Surviving Complete Song, and Water Tunnels
- Establishment of Turkey's First Village Theater at Bademler (1932 CE)
- From Ulamış Mills to Birgivi Madrasa and Dağkızılca Aqueducts: Karakılçık Wheat, 1563 Ottoman Center, and Nif Mountain Bridges
- From Urla Quarantine Island to Panaztepe Harbor and Mount Nif: 1865 Steam Station, 2500 BCE Bronze Harbor, and Ancient Metallurgy
Connected cultural inventory
- Belevi Hellenistic Royal Mausoleum Monument
- Pergamon Acropolis: slope and plain layers
- Bergama Kozak Göbeller Village Granite Stone Houses and Weaving Homes
- Bergama Kozak Yukarıbey Village Hand-Painted Timber Mosque and Pine-Nut Terraces
- Historic Town of Birgi and Çakırağa Mansion
- Büyük Akkum Beach
- Çandarlı Castle, Ancient Pitane, and Çandarlı
- Delikli Bay
- Demircili Beach
- Dikili Bademli, Kalem Island, and Ancient City of Kane
- Ephesus Ancient City Birthplace of Scholar Artemidorus and Celsus Library
- Ephesus Ancient City Birthplace of Physician Rufus and Neuroanatomy Medical School
- Ephesus Ancient City Birthplace of Physician Soranus and Gynecological Medical School
- Ephesus Ancient City Birthplace of Novelist Xenophon and Grand Theater
- Ancient City of Erythrai and Ildırı Theater
- Erythrai Ancient City and Birthplace of Prophetess Sibyl Herophile
- Urban and coastal layers of Erythrai
- Ilıca Public Beach
- İzmir Smyrna Birthplace of Master Orator Aelius Aristides and Roman Agora
- Homer, Smyrna and the Meles tradition
- Karabel Luwian Pass and King Tarkasnawa Relief
- Kemalpaşa Mount Nif Ancient City and Metallurgy Workshops
- Killik Bay
- Klaros Sanctuary of Apollo Clarios
- Sanctuary and divination layers of Klaros
- Ancient City of Klazomenai and Urla İskele
- Urban and production layers of Klazomenai
- Klazomenai olive-oil workshop and Limantepe coastal context
- Colophon Ancient City Birthplace of Elegiac Poet Hermesianax and Leontion Acropolis
- Colophon Ancient City Birthplace of Elegiac Poet Mimnermus and Ionian Acropolis
- Colophon Ancient City and Birthplace of Philosopher Xenophanes of Colophon
- Ancient City of Kyme and Nemrut Bay
- Menemen Panaztepe 2500 BCE Bronze Age Harbor City and Necropolis
- Menemen Historic Taşhan Caravanserai and Sadrazam Mahmut Paşa Pottery Inn
- Ancient City of Metropolis and Marble Bouleuterion
- Metropolis Ancient Aqueducts and Cisterns
- Urban and hillside layers of Metropolis
- Ödemiş Birgi İmam-ı Birgivi Madrasa and Graveyard
- Ödemiş Lake Gölcük and Bozdağlar Plateau
- Pamucak Coast
- Pergamon / Bergama multi-layered cultural landscape
- Pergamon Ancient City Birthplace of Scholar Telephus and Imperial Library
- Pergamon Library Research Base of Mathematician Apollonius and Conics Sanctuary
- Pergamon and Ctesibius: Distinct Histories of Ancient Engineering
- Ancient City of Phokaia and Eski Foça
- Pırlanta Beach
- Seferihisar Ulamış Village and Historic Karakılçık Wheat Stone Mills
- Selçuk Mount Bülbüldağı House of the Virgin Mary (Panaya Kapulu)
- Selçuk Çamlık Open-Air Steam Locomotive Museum
- Selçuk Şirince Village Greek Stone Houses and Wine Cellars
- Smyrna Ancient City Birthplace of Biographer Hermippus and Ionian Acropolis
- Smyrna Ancient City Birthplace of Epic Poet Quintus and Posthomerica Assembly
- Teos Ancient City Birthplace of Philosopher Nausiphanes and Tean Atomist Garden
- Teos Ancient City Birthplace of Astronomer Androsthenes and Geared Astrolabe Observatory
- Teos Ancient City Birthplace of Master Sculptor Boëthos and Bronze Foundry
- Teos Ancient City Birthplace of Mathematician Theodosius and Spherical Geometry Acropolis
- Teos Ancient City Birthplace of Master Architect Hermogenes and Dionysus Temple
- Ancient City of Teos and Sığacık
- Harbour, urban and artistic layers of Teos
- Teos and Samos Lands Birthplace of Epicurus and Garden School
- Tire and Ege Region Birthplace of Imperial Pharmacologist Xenocrates and Ancient Workshops
- Tire Yalınayak Bathhouse and Historic Bazaar Guilds
- Torbalı Dağkızılca Village Nif Mountain Aqueducts and Stone Arch Bridge
- Urla Bademler Village Turkey's First Village Theater
- Urla Quarantine Island 1865 Ottoman Quarantine Station and Klazomenai
- Urla Klazomenai and Birthplace of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae
- Urla Özbek Village Historic Stone Pier and Olive Mills